/**/wistiajson2({"captions":[{"id":564025,"language":"eng","english_name":"English","native_name":"English","right_to_left":false,"hash":{"lines":[{"start":2.919,"end":7.265,"text":["Do you remember being punished as a child? Why do you think your parents did that?"]},{"start":7.624,"end":11.017,"text":["Despite what we thought back then, it wasn't because they hated us"]},{"start":11.135,"end":14.3,"text":["and enjoyed watching us suffer through a week without television."]},{"start":14.72,"end":19.796,"text":["They merely disapproved of our actions and were hoping to prevent us from repeating them in the future."]},{"start":20.195,"end":26.836,"text":["This is an excellent example of behavior modification. Behavior modification refers to the techniques"]},{"start":26.934,"end":31.45,"text":["used to try and decrease or increase a particular type of behavior or reaction."]},{"start":31.789,"end":35.772,"text":["This might sound very technical, but it's used very frequently by all of us."]},{"start":36.161,"end":38.638,"text":["Parents use this to teach their children right from wrong."]},{"start":39.237,"end":42.229,"text":["Therapists use it to promote healthy behaviors in their patients."]},{"start":42.939,"end":46.367,"text":["Animal trainers use it to develop obedience between a pet and its owner."]},{"start":46.817,"end":50.502,"text":["We even use it in our relationships with friends and significant others."]},{"start":50.841,"end":54.321,"text":["Our responses to them teach them what we like and what we don't."]},{"start":54.881,"end":57.841,"text":["Behavior modification relies on the concept of conditioning."]},{"start":58.18,"end":62.208,"text":["Conditioning is a form of learning. There are two major types of conditioning;"]},{"start":62.527,"end":65.358,"text":["classical conditioning and operant conditioning."]},{"start":65.748,"end":68.936,"text":["Classical conditioning relies on a particular stimulus or signal."]},{"start":69.466,"end":72.564,"text":["An example of this would be if a family member came to the kitchen"]},{"start":72.713,"end":75.691,"text":["every time you baked cookies because of the delicious smell."]},{"start":76.12,"end":82.052,"text":["The second type is known as operant conditioning, which involves using a system of rewards and/or punishments."]},{"start":82.43,"end":84.62,"text":["Dog trainers use this technique all the time when"]},{"start":84.769,"end":87.859,"text":["they reward a dog with a special treat after they obey a command."]},{"start":88.519,"end":91.755,"text":["Behavior modification was developed from these theories because"]},{"start":91.874,"end":97.54,"text":["they supported the idea that just as behaviors can be learned, they also can be unlearned."]},{"start":97.799,"end":103.268,"text":["As a result, many different techniques were developed to either assist in eliciting a behavior or stopping it."]},{"start":103.668,"end":106.0,"text":["This is how behavior modification was formed."]},{"start":106.609,"end":112.005,"text":["The purpose behind behavior modification is not to understand why or how a particular behavior started."]},{"start":112.454,"end":116.957,"text":["Instead, it only focuses on changing the behavior, and there are various different"]},{"start":117.096,"end":121.553,"text":["methods used to accomplish it. This includes: Positive reinforcement"]},{"start":122.023,"end":124.872,"text":["Negative reinforcement Punishment"]},{"start":125.382,"end":128.613,"text":["Flooding Systematic desensitization"]},{"start":129.452,"end":131.925,"text":["Aversion therapy Extinction"]},{"start":132.634,"end":136.49,"text":["Positive reinforcement is pairing a positive stimulus to a behavior."]},{"start":136.929,"end":141.689,"text":["A good example of this is when teachers reward their students for getting a good grade with stickers."]},{"start":142.177,"end":145.637,"text":["Positive reinforcement is also often used in training dogs."]},{"start":145.995,"end":150.917,"text":["Pairing a click with a good behavior, then rewarding with a treat, is positive reinforcement."]},{"start":151.365,"end":157.203,"text":["Negative reinforcement is the opposite and is the pairing of a behavior to the removal of a negative stimulus."]},{"start":157.662,"end":161.291,"text":["A child that throws a tantrum because he or she doesn't want to eat vegetables"]},{"start":161.51,"end":164.902,"text":["and has his or her vegetables taken away would be a good example."]},{"start":165.35,"end":170.139,"text":["Punishment is designed to weaken behaviors by pairing an unpleasant stimulus to a behavior."]},{"start":170.607,"end":174.704,"text":["Receiving a detention for bad behavior is a good example of a punishment."]},{"start":175.204,"end":181.208,"text":["Flooding involves exposing people to fear-invoking objects or situations intensely and rapidly."]},{"start":181.717,"end":186.517,"text":["Forcing someone with a fear of snakes to hold one for 10 minutes would be an example of flooding."]},{"start":187.056,"end":190.729,"text":["Systematic desensitization is also used to treat phobias"]},{"start":191.078,"end":194.726,"text":["and involves teaching a client to remain calm while focusing on these fears."]},{"start":195.215,"end":200.668,"text":["For example, someone with an intense fear of bridges might start by looking a photo of a bridge,"]},{"start":200.826,"end":205.566,"text":["then thinking about standing on a bridge, and eventually walking over a real bridge."]},{"start":206.085,"end":209.36,"text":["Aversion therapy is the pairing of an unpleasant stimulus"]},{"start":209.469,"end":213.274,"text":["to an unwanted behavior in order to eliminate that behavior."]},{"start":214.103,"end":217.79,"text":["Some people bite their finger nails, and in order to stop this behavior,"]},{"start":218.069,"end":222.708,"text":["there's a clear substance you can paint on your finger nails that makes them taste awful."]},{"start":223.226,"end":226.727,"text":["Painting your nails with it helps stop the behavior of biting nails."]},{"start":227.671,"end":232.769,"text":["Extinction is the removal of all reinforcement that might be associated with a behavior."]},{"start":233.278,"end":237.433,"text":["This is a powerful tool and works well, especially with young children."]},{"start":238.201,"end":241.633,"text":["Another area of importance in the field of behavior modification"]},{"start":241.971,"end":246.598,"text":["is the question of how often a behavior is reinforced, in frequency and time."]},{"start":247.138,"end":253.142,"text":["This is called schedules of reinforcement. These schedules are broken down into two categories:"]},{"start":253.67,"end":257.106,"text":["Continuous reinforcement Partial reinforcement"]},{"start":257.694,"end":260.776,"text":["I have used both of these schedules to help house train my dog."]},{"start":261.225,"end":267.476,"text":["In the beginning, I used continuous reinforcement which meant rewarding the behavior every time it occurred."]},{"start":267.955,"end":273.462,"text":["This helped to reinforce the fact that I wanted her to go to the bathroom outside instead of in the house."]},{"start":274.1,"end":277.166,"text":["Eventually, I only rewarded her some of the time."]},{"start":277.785,"end":283.384,"text":["This is partial reinforcement, or rewarding the desired behavior some of the time."]},{"start":284.123,"end":287.461,"text":["There are four different types of partial reinforcement schedules:"]},{"start":288.251,"end":290.902,"text":["Fixed interval Fixed ratio"]},{"start":291.35,"end":294.429,"text":["Variable interval Variable ratio"]},{"start":295.318,"end":301.611,"text":["In these schedules, fixed means focusing on a specific amount of time or number of desired behaviors,"]},{"start":302.21,"end":304.912,"text":["while variable means chosen at random."]},{"start":305.75,"end":309.402,"text":["A ratio schedule counts the number of times the behavior occurs,"]},{"start":309.801,"end":314.139,"text":["while an interval schedule tracks the amount of time in which behaviors occur."]},{"start":314.838,"end":318.141,"text":["When I started using partial reinforcement to train my dog,"]},{"start":318.49,"end":323.47,"text":["at first I gave her a snack when she went to the bathroom outside three times in a row."]},{"start":323.87,"end":330.005,"text":["This was a fixed ratio schedule because it was based on a specific number of times that the behavior occurred."]},{"start":330.544,"end":335.727,"text":["Once she was consistently going outside, I switched to a variable interval schedule."]},{"start":336.205,"end":341.241,"text":["I would let a few days pass in between treats, so she never knew if she would get one or not."]},{"start":341.669,"end":346.505,"text":["Now she always elects to go to the bathroom outside--and hopes for a treat!"]},{"start":348.503,"end":353.052,"text":["As we've seen throughout this lesson, behaviors can be both learned and unlearned."]},{"start":353.422,"end":358.18,"text":["How we learn to change our behaviors and reactions is called behavior modification,"]},{"start":358.439,"end":360.96,"text":["and it's accomplished through various different methods."]},{"start":361.338,"end":364.375,"text":["We call this conditioning, which is simply a type of learning."]},{"start":364.794,"end":368.401,"text":["It's something that we take part in and are affected by every day."]},{"start":368.9,"end":371.63,"text":["Whether we are training a pet, teaching our children,"]},{"start":371.749,"end":377.398,"text":["or just interacting with each other, we are reinforcing or being reinforced by others."]}]},"key":"wistia-production_564025"}],"preferred_languages":["eng"]})