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Why do you think your parents did that?\n\nDespite what we thought back then, it wasn't because they hated us\n\nand enjoyed watching us suffer through a week without television.\n\nThey merely disapproved of our actions and were hoping to prevent us from repeating them in the future.\n\nThis is an excellent example of behavior modification. Behavior modification refers to the techniques\n\nused to try and decrease or increase a particular type of behavior or reaction.\n\nThis might sound very technical, but it's used very frequently by all of us.\n\nParents use this to teach their children right from wrong.\n\nTherapists use it to promote healthy behaviors in their patients.\n\nAnimal trainers use it to develop obedience between a pet and its owner.\n\nWe even use it in our relationships with friends and significant others.\n\nOur responses to them teach them what we like and what we don't.\n\nBehavior modification relies on the concept of conditioning.\n\nConditioning is a form of learning. There are two major types of conditioning;\n\nclassical conditioning and operant conditioning.\n\nClassical conditioning relies on a particular stimulus or signal.\n\nAn example of this would be if a family member came to the kitchen\n\nevery time you baked cookies because of the delicious smell.\n\nThe second type is known as operant conditioning, which involves using a system of rewards and/or punishments.\n\nDog trainers use this technique all the time when\n\nthey reward a dog with a special treat after they obey a command.\n\nBehavior modification was developed from these theories because\n\nthey supported the idea that just as behaviors can be learned, they also can be unlearned.\n\nAs a result, many different techniques were developed to either assist in eliciting a behavior or stopping it.\n\nThis is how behavior modification was formed.\n\nThe purpose behind behavior modification is not to understand why or how a particular behavior started.\n\nInstead, it only focuses on changing the behavior, and there are various different\n\nmethods used to accomplish it. This includes: Positive reinforcement\n\nNegative reinforcement Punishment\n\nFlooding Systematic desensitization\n\nAversion therapy Extinction\n\nPositive reinforcement is pairing a positive stimulus to a behavior.\n\nA good example of this is when teachers reward their students for getting a good grade with stickers.\n\nPositive reinforcement is also often used in training dogs.\n\nPairing a click with a good behavior, then rewarding with a treat, is positive reinforcement.\n\nNegative reinforcement is the opposite and is the pairing of a behavior to the removal of a negative stimulus.\n\nA child that throws a tantrum because he or she doesn't want to eat vegetables\n\nand has his or her vegetables taken away would be a good example.\n\nPunishment is designed to weaken behaviors by pairing an unpleasant stimulus to a behavior.\n\nReceiving a detention for bad behavior is a good example of a punishment.\n\nFlooding involves exposing people to fear-invoking objects or situations intensely and rapidly.\n\nForcing someone with a fear of snakes to hold one for 10 minutes would be an example of flooding.\n\nSystematic desensitization is also used to treat phobias\n\nand involves teaching a client to remain calm while focusing on these fears.\n\nFor example, someone with an intense fear of bridges might start by looking a photo of a bridge,\n\nthen thinking about standing on a bridge, and eventually walking over a real bridge.\n\nAversion therapy is the pairing of an unpleasant stimulus\n\nto an unwanted behavior in order to eliminate that behavior.\n\nSome people bite their finger nails, and in order to stop this behavior,\n\nthere's a clear substance you can paint on your finger nails that makes them taste awful.\n\nPainting your nails with it helps stop the behavior of biting nails.\n\nExtinction is the removal of all reinforcement that might be associated with a behavior.\n\nThis is a powerful tool and works well, especially with young children.\n\nAnother area of importance in the field of behavior modification\n\nis the question of how often a behavior is reinforced, in frequency and time.\n\nThis is called schedules of reinforcement. These schedules are broken down into two categories:\n\nContinuous reinforcement Partial reinforcement\n\nI have used both of these schedules to help house train my dog.\n\nIn the beginning, I used continuous reinforcement which meant rewarding the behavior every time it occurred.\n\nThis helped to reinforce the fact that I wanted her to go to the bathroom outside instead of in the house.\n\nEventually, I only rewarded her some of the time.\n\nThis is partial reinforcement, or rewarding the desired behavior some of the time.\n\nThere are four different types of partial reinforcement schedules:\n\nFixed interval Fixed ratio\n\nVariable interval Variable ratio\n\nIn these schedules, fixed means focusing on a specific amount of time or number of desired behaviors,\n\nwhile variable means chosen at random.\n\nA ratio schedule counts the number of times the behavior occurs,\n\nwhile an interval schedule tracks the amount of time in which behaviors occur.\n\nWhen I started using partial reinforcement to train my dog,\n\nat first I gave her a snack when she went to the bathroom outside three times in a row.\n\nThis was a fixed ratio schedule because it was based on a specific number of times that the behavior occurred.\n\nOnce she was consistently going outside, I switched to a variable interval schedule.\n\nI would let a few days pass in between treats, so she never knew if she would get one or not.\n\nNow she always elects to go to the bathroom outside--and hopes for a treat!\n\nAs we've seen throughout this lesson, behaviors can be both learned and unlearned.\n\nHow we learn to change our behaviors and reactions is called behavior modification,\n\nand it's accomplished through various different methods.\n\nWe call this conditioning, which is simply a type of learning.\n\nIt's something that we take part in and are affected by every day.\n\nWhether we are training a pet, teaching our children,\n\nor just interacting with each other, we are reinforcing or being reinforced by others."}],"hls_enabled":true,"embed_options":{"volumeControl":"true","fullscreenButton":"true","controlsVisibleOnLoad":"true","playerColor":"7b796a","bpbTime":"false","plugin":{"captions-v1":{"onByDefault":"false"}},"vulcan":"false","videoQuality":"","playsinline":true}},"options":{}})